How is an inheritance dealt with in a property settlement?

When completing a property settlement, one of the considerations made is “what contributions were made by the parties?” Contributions come in all shapes and sizes, and can include inheritances which were received prior to the relationship, during the relationship, and following the breakdown of the relationship. When the inheritance was received, its quantum, and how the inheritance was applied will impact how much weight/credit is given to the contribution. It is common for an adjustment of the property settlement to be made in favour of the party who received the inheritance, however there is no set formula, and the weight/credit applied is at the discretion of the judicial officer hearing the case.

Another consideration in a property settlement is the future needs of the parties, including any changes to their financial circumstances by way of impending inheritance. If a party is a beneficiary of a deceased estate and awaiting distribution of the estate, the nature and quantum of the inheritance could be relevant to the outcome of the property settlement. If there is going to be a discrepancy in the parties’ financial circumstances as a result, it may be appropriate for an adjustment of the property settlement to be made in favour of the party who is not receiving the inheritance; again, there is no set formula, and the adjustment applied (if any) is at the discretion of the judicial officer hearing the case.

What is not as clear is what weight/credit, if any, should be applied to the possibility of a party receiving an inheritance. For example, this question arises where one party has an elderly parent and can expect to receive an inheritance upon their parent’s passing. Consideration needs to go beyond the possibility of a party receiving the inheritance and consider the probability of the party receiving the inheritance. If the party’s parents are elderly, but otherwise healthy, well and have testamentary capacity (meaning they have the capacity to amend the terms of their Will at any point in time) then the fact that the party is to receive an inheritance at some time in the future will likely only be deemed a mere expectancy; a mere expectancy will have little if any weight in a property settlement. However, if that party’s elderly parent is unwell and has lost capacity (meaning they are unable to amend the terms of their Will), the fact that the party to the property settlement is due to receive an inheritance at some point is likely to be seen as a relevant factor when considering the parties future needs.

If you need advice about how any inheritances, received or due, may be dealt with in your property settlement you should obtain specialist family law advice. Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Peta Sutton

Caveats in Family Law

When a relationship ends, figuring out who gets to keep certain property can be a cause of concern, especially if you have been contributing to mortgage repayments on a property owned solely in your former partner’s name. What happens if you break up? Can your partner just sell the house without telling you? This is where a caveat may assist, in certain circumstances.

What is a caveat?

A caveat is like a public record indicating an interest in real property. If you lodge a caveat on a property, it means that the registered proprietor is unable to sell or deal with the property without the caveat being removed from the title.

Why and when to lodge a caveat?

In certain circumstances, including where you can establish an equitable interest in a property, a caveat may be used to protect your interest, or to delay certain dealings with a property that you may not know about or consent to. The Family Court has dealt with cases involving caveats in the past and has determined that a mere interest in a property as a result of an arguable case for an adjustment of property interests between separated parties may not (of itself) be a caveatable interest. Care must accordingly be taken when exercising such a right or taking such a step to lodge a caveat over a property not legally owned by you.

How to lodge a caveat?

To lodge a caveat, you must be able to demonstrate that you have a legal or equitable interest in the property. This may include by having made financial contributions towards the acquisition or improvement of the property. The application process involves completing specific forms and submitting them to the land titles office, as well as paying a fee. It is very important to seek legal advice before you do so, as lodging a caveat without a proper basis can have consequences, including in some circumstances financial penalties.

Does a caveat expire?

In jurisdictions like the ACT, a caveat remains on the title of a property once registered, until the caveator takes steps to remove it or the registered proprietor of the property applies for the lapsing of the caveat. If a caveat is disputed, the issue may need to be resolved in the Supreme Court, where a judicial officer decides whether the caveat is valid based on the evidence presented to the Court.

If you have a query about lodging a caveat and you are separated or considering separating, you should seek specialist family law advice.

Our team at Robinson + McGuinness is ready to guide you to ensure your rights and interests are prioritised. Contact us today to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Sorting out the children’s care arrangements

If you have separated from your partner and you share children together, life will (of course) be different. This is especially so if you are no longer residing in the same property. Where you have moved out, or your spouse has, it is important to establish arrangements for care of the children as early as possible.

In discussing the children’s care arrangements, you can decide whether you will implement an ‘interim’ arrangement (say for a few weeks, months or even a year), or you may already have a good idea about what your ‘final’ arrangements might look like (i.e. until the children turn 18).

Generally, you and your former spouse should agree as to any care arrangements together rather than one parent unilaterally imposing the arrangements on the other parent.

To formalise any agreement reached:

1. parents can enter into a ‘parenting plan’ which can be as simple as writing down your arrangements on a piece of paper, then signing and dating the document; or

2. you might also decide to formalise the arrangements in consent orders that the Court approves and ‘stamps’, however this is generally only done when you have agreement about final arrangements.

If you do not reach agreement, you may wish to engage a mediator, who is an independent third party who can assist you in finding an outcome that is mutually suitable (even if you do not consider it to be your best-case scenario).

Important things to think about when you are considering entering into a parenting plan include:

1. What will the arrangements look like during the school term;

2. Will the arrangements change during the school holidays, and what will you do over the longer Christmas/summer school holiday period;

3. Will there be set times for the children to communicate with the other parent;

4. How will you share special occasions, such as religious holidays and birthdays;

5. Which special occasions are important to celebrate - either for you or the other parent;

6. Are there any ground rules you want to establish for travel, whether that be domestic travel or international travel;

7. How will you share important information, such as the details about children’s health or medical treatment;

8. How you and the other parent will communicate, i.e. by email, text, Whatsapp or via parenting communication app.

Before negotiating care arrangements, you should also consider where you will both be residing and your working arrangements, including whether either parent has access to flexible working arrangements.

Ultimately, in deciding which arrangements you put in place for the children, you should think about whether those arrangements will work for the children. This in turn will influence whether the arrangements are in the ‘best interests’ of the children. Whilst some parents consider that an ‘equal time’ or 50/50 arrangement is ‘fair’, this is not always appropriate particularly where the children are young and have an established primary carer. You should also consider the children’s typical routine and whether the children can maintain this routine with the proposed arrangements.

If you are thinking about discussing care arrangements for the children, or if you are concerned that the care arrangements are not working, you should seek advice from a specialist family lawyer. Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Anika Buckley

Property Settlements: The death of a party

When one party of a breakdown relationship is terminally ill, it can have significant implications to the distribution of their property, if the party passes away. Whilst a morbid and uncomfortable topic, it is an extremely important one to consider, as it can have serious consequences on a party’s assets, and how they are dealt with after a party’s death.

Death prior to commencing proceedings

Where neither party has commenced court proceedings in the Family Law jurisdiction, the matter will be dealt with under the estate law of the applicable state or territory of Australia. This might mean that if the terminally ill party did not update their will after separation, their former spouse (if provided for in the deceased’s will) may inherit from their estate. This may or may not be the intention of the deceased party.

Seeking legal advice becomes even more pertinent in family law matters when one party is terminally ill. Generally most parties will attempt to resolve their matter outside of the Court system, through independent negotiation and sometimes formal mediation. These pre-action procedures still apply despite the ill-health of a party.

However, if the matter is unable to be resolved through these means, sometimes the only alternative course of action is to make an application to the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia to resolve the matter.

Death after commencing proceedings

So, what happens when a party dies prior to a matter being resolved, but after filing an application? Where proceedings have commenced in the Family Law jurisdiction, and a party dies, Section 79(8) of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) and Rule 3.19 of the Family Law Rules 2021 apply. The Court may allow for the substitution of the deceased party by their legal personal representative - usually the executor of their estate, or another appropriate party - to ensure the legal proceedings can continue.

The personal legal representative will usually engage in Family Law proceedings with the view of recovering the deceased’s share of the matrimonial property pool for distribution according to their will. However, it is important to remember that the Orders that the Court will ultimately make are likely to be significantly different to the Orders the Court would have made if the party had not died. One example of how such a difference in outcome occurs is that the Court cannot consider the future needs of a party if they have passed away.

Family law and the death of a party can be complex and nuanced. In the event you are faced with this circumstance, you should obtain specialist family law advice. Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on 02 6225 7040 or by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Lauran Clifton

Married Overseas and Divorcing in Australia?

It can be difficult to navigate the complexities of an international marriage or divorce for foreigners or residents of Australia. If you’ve been married overseas and are considering a divorce in Australia, this blog may shed light on the process for you.

Are Overseas Marriages Valid in Australia?

The key question many face is the validity of overseas marriages in Australia. The good news is that Australia generally acknowledges marriages conducted abroad, as long as they were legal in the country of marriage and would be considered legal under Australian laws. This means if you legally married in Paris or Beijing, it holds the same validity as if you married in a city of Australia like Sydney.

Residency and Jurisdiction: The Gateway to Divorce proceedings in Australia

The primary prerequisite for filing for divorce in Australia is not the location of the marriage, but the parties' residency status, which requires:

• Either spouse must consider Australia as their home and intend to live here indefinitely, or

• Be an Australian citizen (by birth decent, or grant of citizenship), or

• Live in Australia and have done so for 12 months immediately before filling the Application for divorce.

Grounds for Divorce: Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage

The only ground for divorce is that the marriage has irretrievably broken down and there is no reasonable chance that you will get back together. To apply for a divorce, you must have been separated for a continuous period of at least 12 months. The period can include time living under one roof, but additional evidence is required in such cases. The 12 months starts from the day one or both parties ends the marriage.

It does not matter who was ‘at fault’ or whether both parties want a divorce.

Legal Maze of international Divorce: More Than just Dissolving a Marriage

While the process of applying for a divorce is usually relatively straightforward, it isn’t the only thing you should be thinking about if you are a separating. You may also need to consider addressing property division, parenting arrangements, and possibly spousal maintenance. These aspects can be particularly intricate when international marriages or relationships are concerned.

Seek Legal Advice

At Robinson + McGuinness we have experienced family lawyers that can guide you through the process of separation and divorce, offering fixed-fee divorce applications. We aim to protect your rights and interests, offering a supportive and knowledgeable guiding hand through this challenging time.

Please contact us to make an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

There is no valid Will: what happens now?

When a loved one passes away, there are many things to organise, including the administration and distribution of their assets in accordance with their Will.  However, sometimes there is no valid Will; this may be because the deceased did not make a Will (either by choice or because they were mentally incapable of doing so), the Will does not meet the validity requirements set out in the Wills Act 1968 (ACT), the Will has been revoked, or because the deceased failed to update their Will as circumstances in their life changed such that that the gifts contained therein have lapsed or fail.  When this happens, the deceased is known as intestate, and rather than their estate being distributed in accordance with their wishes, it will be distributed in accordance with the intestacy laws set out in the Administration and Probate Act 1929 (ACT). 

The Administration and Probate Act 1929 (ACT) provides for a intestate estate to be distributed in the following manner and priority: 

1. In the event the deceased is survived only by a spouse (husband, wife, de facto partner), then the spouse will receive the entirety of the deceased’s estate;

2. If the deceased is survived by a spouse and children, then the spouse will receive the first $200,000 (or as much thereof) of the deceased’s estate plus interest at 8% and thereafter share the balance with the deceased’s children - the exact division of the balance of the estate will depend upon the number of children that survive the deceased;

3. If the deceased has no spouse, but is survived by children, then the children equally share in the deceased’s estate; 

4. If the deceased has no spouse, or children, then the estate will be paid to the following categories of people:

   1. Parents of the deceased; 

   2. Brothers and sisters of the deceased; 

   3. Grandparents of the deceased; 

   4. Aunts and uncles of the deceased; and 

   5. In the event there is no person from the above mentioned categories who survives the deceased, then the Australian Capital Territory Government will be entitled to the deceased’s estate. 

Further to the above, if the deceased’s estate comprises of a house, which the spouse of the deceased was residing in at the time of the deceased’s death, then it is possible for the spouse to elect to have the house transferred to them in or towards satisfaction of their interest in the deceased’s estate.

Distribution of an estate in accordance with the laws of intestacy may not achieve the testamentary intentions of the deceased.  For example, if it’s important that friends or charities receive a portion of a person’s estate, such is not possible following the laws of intestacy; this can only be achieved by preparing a valid Will. It is therefore important that individuals prepare a Will and review it every 2-3 years to ensure that it fulfils their intentions. 

If a person does die intestate, it will still be necessary to apply to the ACT Supreme Court for Letters of Administration; this grant will enable the administrator (who applies for and is appointed under the grant) to administer and distribute the estate. 

If you are navigating an intestate estate, or simply want to ensure your estate is distributed in a specific manner, you should obtain specialist legal advice. 

Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Peta Sutton

Living arrangements post separation

If you have just separated from your partner, you might be wondering what happens next. For example, how do you decide who gets to stay in the house? What do you do with all of your belongings?  

Some couples decide to separate but remain under one roof.  For example, a couple may live together but no longer act as though they are in a genuine domestic relationship (i.e. you might sleep in separate rooms and stop socialising as a couple). Couples may decide to remain under one roof due to a number of factors, such as their financial circumstances or to provide stability for the children.  The arrangements may be temporary or they may last years.

If you are not comfortable remaining separated under one roof, you will likely need to have a discussion with your partner about who will remain in the property.  This decision may be impacted by multiple factors including:

1.  Whether there are children and who is the primary carer of those children;

2.  Who is on the lease if it is a rental property;

3.  Who is on the title of the property if you are owner occupiers;

4.  Whether either of you can meet the outgoings for the property;

5.  Whether either of you are able to obtain suitable accommodation elsewhere; and

6.  Whether there are any safety considerations.

It is important to discuss and establish boundaries around each of you accessing the property and for what purpose.

In the event you do not agree about who remains living in the property, you can also make an application to the Court to determine who will have sole occupation of the property and who shall meet the outgoings in relation to that property.  See the following blog post for more information about what a Court considers in an application for sole occupation: Who gets to stay in the house after we separate)

If you remain in the property, you will also need to think about how to divide the household contents.  You may not agree about how to divide big ticket items, such as whitegoods, furniture and valuable artwork.  It is useful to keep track of how you divide your household contents, particularly if you have valuable assets as this will generally form part of your property settlement.

It is generally reasonable to allow the other party to collect their belongings and in particular, items which are not in dispute such as personal documentation, clothing and personal effects.  If you are concerned about your former partner collecting their belongings, you can seek advice on establishing a process for them to collect their belongings. For example, a lawyer can advise on safety measures to employ to ensure there is no conflict when they collect their personal effects.

As with anyone moving house, you should also think about whether you need to redirect your mail, update any account details (for example, your electricity and gas) and make sure your home insurance is up to date.

If you would like to discuss your accommodation options in the context of a separation, or if you would like to understand your rights and obligations when it comes to the division of your household contents, you can book an initial appointment with one of our specialist family lawyers by contacting us on (02) 6225 7040, by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online  to obtain advice.

Author: Anika Buckley

Should I appoint an Enduring Power of Attorney?

An Enduring Power of Attorney allows you to choose who can make decisions on your behalf in the event you lose capacity.

What is the difference between an Enduring Power of Attorney and a General Power of Attorney?

An Enduring Power of Attorney is a legal document that appoints a person (or multiple people) to make decisions on your behalf if you become a person with impaired decision-making capacity. An Enduring Power of Attorney is an important aspect of any estate plan.

A General Power of Attorney is a document that operates while you have decision-making capacity and appoints someone to act on your behalf in relation to financial matters if for example, you are overseas or unable to do so. A General Power of Attorney ends if you lose decision-making capacity.

What is impaired decision-making capacity?

The Powers of Attorney Act 2006 (ACT) provides that a person has impaired decision-making capacity if they cannot make decisions in relation to their affairs or do not understand the nature and effect of their decisions. In some circumstances, an independent medical assessment is required to determine whether someone has decision-making capacity.

What powers does my Enduring Power of Attorney have?

In the ACT, you can appoint an Enduring Power of Attorney to make decisions about the following:

1. Property matters – this includes managing your finances by paying bills and outgoings, accessing bank accounts, and buying, selling, and investing assets on your behalf.

2. Personal care matters – this includes decisions about where you live, whether you work or study and your daily care needs such as dress and diet.

3. Health care matters – this includes consenting to and withdrawing medical treatment.

4. Medical research matters – this includes consenting to your participation in approved medical research or low-risk research.

You can specify in your Enduring Power of Attorney which powers you wish for your attorney to have and give directions and limitations about the exercise of their powers.

Your attorney must agree to act as your attorney by signing an acceptance on your Enduring Power of Attorney document. Your Enduring Power of Attorney will only be effective in relation to attorneys who have accepted their appointment by signing the document.

We offer fixed fees and package deals in relation to Wills and Enduring Powers of Attorney. If you would like to discuss your situation and how we can assist you, please contact us today at (02) 6225 7040 by email info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online.

Author: Amy Davis

Contesting a Will – Family Provision Claims in the ACT

The Family Provision Act (ACT) 1969 provides the pathway for certain individuals to contest a Will (or the laws of intestacy in the event there was no valid Will) if the individual feels that inadequate provision for the proper maintenance, education or advancement of life has been made for them under the Will (or by the laws of intestacy). For the Family Provision Act (ACT) 1969 to apply, the deceased must have left property in the ACT, or have died in the ACT.

It is not as simple as saying “I didn’t receive anything” or “I want more”; rather, the applicant needs to be eligible to make a claim and be able to show that they were financially dependent upon the deceased before the deceased’s death.

The following people can make an application to contest a Will in the ACT:

• A current or former partner of the deceased – this includes the deceased’s spouse, de facto partner (having been in a relationship for at least 2 continuous years), or being the parent of a child of the deceased person;

• A child of the deceased;

• A stepchild of the deceased – but only if they were maintained by the deceased immediately before the deceased’s death;

• A grandchild of the deceased – but only if that person’s parent died before the deceased, or if the child is not maintained by their parent immediately before the deceased’s death; or

• A parent of the deceased – but only if the parent was maintained by the deceased immediately before their death, or the deceased is not survived by a partner or children.

An eligible applicant can challenge the Will by making an Application to the Supreme Court of the ACT within 6 months of the date of a Grant of Probate or Letters of Administration being granted.

The Supreme Court will consider the following in deciding whether they are satisfied that in-adequate provision for the proper maintenance, education or advancement of life of the Applicant was made in the deceased’s Will (or by the laws of intestacy):

• The character and conduct of the applicant;

• The nature and duration of the relationship between the applicant and the deceased;

• Any financial or non-financial contributions made by both the applicant and deceased to the acquisition, conservation or improvement of property of either person (if applicable);

• Parent and homemaker contributions of the applicant and deceased (if applicable);

• The income, property and financial resources of the applicant and the deceased;

• The applicant’s capacity to gain meaningful employment – the Court will also consider that of the deceased while they were alive;

• The financial needs and obligations of both the applicant and the deceased while they were alive;

• The applicant and deceased’s respective obligations to support any other person;

• The terms of any orders concerning the payment of maintenance (both spousal maintenance and child maintenance) relating to the applicant and/or the deceased; and

• Any other matters the Supreme Court considers relevant.

In the event the Supreme Court is satisfied that inadequate provision has been made for the applicant, it has the power to make orders that it thinks fit out of the estate. The Supreme Court is not restricted to dealing with the residue of the estate (i.e. anything that has not otherwise been specifically gifted), but rather can make orders concerning all property of the estate, including property specifically gifted to other individuals.

Two examples of the type of Orders that the Court may make are, the transfer of ownership of property to the applicant and a lump sum payment to the applicant. To achieve the latter, it may be necessary for the Court to order the sale of specific property.

Family provision claims can be complex and nuanced. In the event you are considering filing a family provision application you should first obtain specialist advice in relation to the evidence that you can give in support of your application, and the prospects of your application being successful.

Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Peta Sutton

Travel and Parenting Orders

With the school holidays fast approaching, many parents will be travelling internationally with their children. These experiences are seen as a once in a lifetime opportunity for lots of families and the benefits of international travel on the growth of a child can be intangible. As a separated parent, travelling with children gives rise to additional considerations and planning- on top of the effort which already goes into the trip itself.

This situation becomes complex for separated parents who are involved in current proceedings before the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia or where separated parents have already entered into parenting orders restricting their children from international travel. Sections 65Y and 65Z of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) specifically set out that if a parent, who is subject to a parenting order or where orders are pending (for example, awaiting the delivery of a judgment on an interim or final basis) removes a child from the jurisdiction of Australia, this parent has committed an offence. This offence carries a penalty of three years imprisonment.

What if I do not have orders in place or I am not in litigation?

A separated parent seeking to travel overseas with their children should approach the other parent and seek their consent for the travel in the first instance. Ideally, the parent seeking to travel would provide all the relevant information and details of the proposed travel- and with as much notice as possible- including duration, destination, method of travel, copies of travel tickets and itinerary, and where possible provide options for maintaining communication between the other parent and the children whilst overseas.

If the other parent refuses consent to the travel, you may need to apply to the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia for approval to travel. It is commonplace for this Court to make Orders pertaining to travel and provide for international travel so long as enough notice is provided, and the travel is to a Hague Convention Country, and that they are satisfied that the child will return to Australia at the end of the proposed travel. Often, the Courts order makeup time for the non-travelling parent if time with that parent is affected by the child’s travel.

What if I have concerns about my child’s international travel with the other parent?

In some cases, parents will have genuine concerns about a child travelling internationally for a number of reasons- risks to personal safety and wellbeing; impact on education if the child is missing school for a prolonged period of time; and where the parent holds a genuine concern that the child might be permanently removed from the jurisdiction of Australia. There may be valid reasons for a parent to not provide consent to the travel.

If you hold this concern about your child’s travel, you can make an application to the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia to have the child placed on the Australian Federal Police Watchlist. This can only occur via a Court Order and will prevent that child leaving any port of exit from the jurisdiction of Australia. In cases of urgency- where you have a grave concern that your child will be travelling imminently with the other parent- this process can occur very quickly.

It is important for separated parents to balance the benefits of overseas travel for their children with the possible competing interests of ensuring their safety and wellbeing. It is important to seek the other parent’s consent in the first instance when seeking to take your child overseas- and with enough notice where possible. If you are planning a holiday with your children, contact Robinson + McGuinness for specialist family law advice.

Contact Robinson + McGuinness today to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers to obtain advice.

Author: Lauran Clifton

R+M Ranked 'First Tier' in 2024 Doyle's Guide

The Doyle’s Guide yearly Best Firms & Lawyers listing is compiled by peers within the legal profession. For a firm to receive a ‘First Tier’ ranking the firm not only needs a high vote count, but they also need to have glowing reports from clients and individuals. The same applies for the individual rankings; those who place in the Preeminent and Leading lawyers’ categories are those who consistently draw the praise of both clients and peers.

We are proud to announce that Robinson + McGuinness has been recognised once again as a First Tier - Leading Family and Divorce Law Firm in Canberra, a great achievement for the firm which has now been in practice for over eight years.

Members of the Robinson + McGuinness team have also been recognised for their excellence in the family law field. Our Directors, Kevin Robinson and Sally McGuinness have yet again been recognised by their peers as Leading Family and Divorce Lawyers, with Sally being acknowledged as Preeminent within the ACT. Both Directors have also been recognised in the Leading Parenting, Custody & Children’s Matters, with Kevin being acknowledged as Preeminent within the ACT. Our Associate Anika Buckley has also made a lasting impression being recognised as a Rising Star in Family Law.

We are very grateful for the recognition and support, and we congratulate our team on their great achievements! 

If you would like to make an appointment with one of our experienced lawyers, please contact us today either online here, via phone on (02) 6225 7040 or via email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au.

You can read the full listing on the Doyle’s Guide website, here.

Do my children need a lawyer?

If you are involved in Court proceedings about the care of your children, you may wonder whether the children should have their own lawyer. In some circumstances, the Court may appoint an ‘Independent Children’s Lawyer’ (an ICL) to provide independent representation for the children. The ICL is not your lawyer, nor are they the other parent’s lawyer.

How does the Court decide to appoint an ICL?

The Court usually considers a number of factors in the appointment of an ICL (outlined in the decision of the Full Court in Re K [1994] FamCA 21), including matters involving:

1.  Allegations of child abuse or neglect;

2.  High levels of conflict between the parents;

3.  If a child has strong views (and their views should be given weight due to their age or maturity);

4.  Allegations of family violence;

5.  Allegations of serious mental health issues; and

6.  Difficult or complex issues.

The Court can appoint an ICL of its own volition, or the parties can apply for the appointment of an ICL.  The Legal Aid Commission will then appoint an ICL from within Legal Aid or a private legal practitioner will be appointed.  Notwithstanding this, parties may be required to contribute to the legal costs of an ICL’s participation.

What do ICLs do?

The ICL participates in the proceedings as any party would.  The ICL can issue subpoenas to the children’s treating medical practitioners and to their schools, for example. The ICL can also issue subpoenas seeking information about the parents.

If the children are old enough, the ICL will likely meet with the children.  Having regard to the children’s views, the ICL advocates for the children’s best interests – inside and outside of the Court. 

Once appointed, the ICL is involved in each Court event and will actively participate in making sure the appropriate evidence is before the Court. The ICL will have their own position which they deem to be in the children’s best interests. Sometimes, this may be in support of one parent’s application and at other times, it may be somewhere in the middle between competing applications.

The ICL can be involved in general correspondence as the matter progresses and will participate in settlement negotiations outside of Court. As with any party, the ICL must ‘sign off’ on any settlement reached. A matter may be unable to resolve by consent if the ICL does not support the parties’ proposed orders, however the decision is ultimately up to the Court.

If you are unsure about whether your matter would benefit from the appointment of an ICL or if you are thinking of making an application for an ICL, you should consider speaking with a specialist family lawyer about your options. Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Anika Buckley 

Spousal Maintenance – What is it and who can apply for it?

The breakdown of a relationship is a daunting process for many; there are several unknowns, including how life will be funded without a dual income pending the completion of a property settlement.  More often than not, there is an income discrepancy between the parties of the relationship, and this can cause anxiety for the party with a lower income. They may be concerned about how they will afford basic living expenses and accommodation.  

What is spousal maintenance?

The Family Law Act places an obligation on a party to a marriage or de facto relationship to maintain the other party, to the extent that they are reasonably able to do so, in the event that the other party is unable to support themselves adequately due to:

1. The care of a child under the age of 18 years;

2. The party’s age, physical or mental incapacity to gain meaningful employment;

3. Or any other matter considered relevant by the Court.

This obligation is known as spousal maintenance.

In more general terms, spousal maintenance becomes applicable when one party has a shortfall between their income and outgoings, and the other party has the capacity to assist in meeting those outgoings once they have paid for their own reasonable expenses.

There are many forms of spousal maintenance, including:

• Urgent spousal maintenance – where the Court can make an order pending consideration of the need for ongoing maintenance;

• Periodic spousal maintenance – where the Court makes an order, either interim or final, for payments to be made for a period of time (i.e. weekly);

• Lump sum spousal maintenance; and

• An order for the sole use of property (i.e. the former matrimonial home or a vehicle).

Spousal maintenance orders tend to be made on an interim basis, or for a set period on a final basis, to enable the applying party’s circumstances to change such that they can financially support themselves (i.e. return to work once young children go to school, complete studies that will allow them to obtain meaningful employment, or the completion of a property settlement which accounts for the parties’ future needs, including incomes disparity and age).

Who can apply for spousal maintenance?

Spousal maintenance proceedings can be commenced by either party to a marriage or a de facto relationship.  The proceedings can be commenced as follows:

• For married couples: during the relationship, at any point following separation and within 12 months of a divorce order being granted; and

• For de facto couples: within 2 years of separation.

Spousal maintenance proceedings are separate to property settlement proceedings.  While they often run concurrently, there is no need to have a property settlement application before the Court in order to commence spousal maintenance proceedings.

What evidence is required?

When applying for spousal maintenance, the applicant will need to give evidence about the following matters:

• The nature of their relationship with the other party – i.e. was there a marriage or de facto relationship?  

• If the proceedings are to be commenced out of time (see time limits above), an explanation as to why that is the case and a request for leave to apply out of time must be made.

• The applicant’s income and reasonable living expenses.

• Details of why the applicant says they are unable to adequately meet their expenses – i.e. is there something that precludes them from obtaining meaningful employment, or employment with greater renumeration?  Evidence should also be given about the arrangements that were in place during the relationship – i.e. if the Applicant was the primary carer of small children during the relationship, this is a relevant factor for the Court to consider.

If applicable, independent evidence should also be provided to the Court to assist the determination of a spousal maintenance application. Independent evidence would be applicable if, for example, the applicant said they were unable to work due to a disability or illness.

No two family law matters are the same, and while there can be similarities between cases each case must be assessed based on its own facts.  In the event you are considering filing a spousal maintenance application you should first obtain specialist family law advice in relation to the evidence that you can give in support of your application, and the prospects of your application being successful.

Contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Peta Sutton

Capital gains tax in deceased estates

If you have been appointed to administer a deceased estate, it is important to consider the application of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) when disposing of estate assets. CGT can vary depending on a number of factors, including the type of assets involved and the timeframe in which the estate is administered.

An executor (or administrator) may need to sell or transfer estate assets to beneficiaries as part of their role in administering the estate. There can be advantages and disadvantages of selling and transferring assets, which should be considered carefully during this process.  

CGT applies when an asset is disposed that is subject to CGT, known as a CGT event. There are a number of factors to consider in determining whether CGT applies, including:

1. Whether the asset was acquired before 20 September 1985, when CGT was introduced. Assets acquired before this date are exempt from CGT.

2. Whether a property was the deceased’s principal place of residence. A CGT exemption may apply in these circumstances, including if a beneficiary sells the property within 2 years of the deceased’s death.

3. Whether the deceased had shares or investment properties – CGT generally applies to the sale of shares and investment properties, unless a relevant exemption applies.

There are other factors and exemptions that may apply in your circumstances.

If an executor sells an asset as part of the administration of an estate, the estate will be assessed for CGT when a tax return is filed on behalf of the estate. Whilst the proceeds can then be distributed to the beneficiaries as a gift, the overall value of the estate may be reduced by the application of CGT. As deceased estates are treated as individuals for tax purposes for the first three years, there may be benefit in selling assets over the course of that period to take advantage of the tax free threshold.

In the alternative, an executor may transfer estate assets to beneficiaries in specie (in its current form). This means no CGT is immediately payable on the transfer, but will rollover and apply to any future sale of the asset. As such, it is important to consider CGT before transferring specific assets to beneficiaries, particularly shares and other investments.

It is recommended to seek legal and accounting advice before administering a deceased estate. If you would like to discuss your situation and how we can assist you, please contact us today on (02) 6225 7040 by email info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online.

Author: Amy Davis

Trusts & Family Law

Trusts, and specifically discretionary family trusts, are commonly utilised as means of holding income generating assets and distributing that income to beneficiaries, who are often family members. When a relationship breaks down, and one or both of the parties hold assets in a trust, questions often arise as to how the trust, and the property of the trust, will be dealt with in the family law settlement. Trusts can be a complex area in settlements, as sometimes they are used by one party to protect or exclude assets, or to prevent the other party from accessing their share of the property.

There is a misconception that if assets are held in a trust, they are to be excluded from the property settlement. This may or may not be the case depending on the structure, composition and set up of the Trust.

There are two ways trusts are likely to be dealt with by the Court- it can be treated as an asset to be included in the matrimonial asset pool or as a financial resource. Trusts are more likely to be considered an asset for distribution if the Court is satisfied that the Trusts’ assets form part of the property of the parties to the marriage or de facto relationship. Under section 4 of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) “property” holds a very broad meaning, and the Court has demonstrated its willingness to include trust assets in a property division where certain factors relating to “control of the trust” exist. Where one party has effective control of the trust (i.e. if one party is the trustee, or an appointor) it is more likely to be included as property to be distributed in a family law settlement (see Kennon v Spry [2008] HCA 56 (3 December 2008)).

The Court has also demonstrated that where trust assets do not fall within the definition of property, the Court can still consider whether the parties have received benefits or distributions from the Trust and whether they are likely to in the future, notwithstanding a lack of control over the trust. In this scenario, the Court is likely to consider Trust property as a financial resource of that party under section 75(2) of the Act when determining the overall settlement.

Trusts are a complex area of family law and can require the input and advice of financial advisors, accountants, and solicitors. Whether a trust asset will form part of the matrimonial asset pool available for distribution and whether it is outside of the reach of a property settlement in the context of family law will depend on the specific circumstances of your matter.

For specialist family law advice, including the effects of trusts in a family law property settlement, contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers to obtain advice.

Author: Lauran Clifton

Assessing contributions

Assessing contributions is an important step in determining how to arrive at a just and equitable property settlement between separated couples.

What contributions does the Court consider? 

Section 79 and 90SM of the Family Law Act 1975 requires an assessment of the following contributions:

1. Financial contributions towards the acquisition, conservation, and improvement of property. These contributions may include financial contributions received by way of income, inheritances, redundancy payments, compensation awards, and windfalls such as lottery wins;

2. Non-financial contributions made towards the acquisition, conservation, and improvement of property. These contributions may include a party conducting renovations toward real property at no cost; and

3. Contributions made towards the welfare of the family through homemaking and parenting contributions.

When does the Court assess contributions? 

The Court assesses contributions made at the commencement of the relationship (in particular, whether one or both parties had significant assets at the commencement of the relationship), during the relationship, and post-separation (if relevant).

What weight is given to contributions made by either party? 

The weighing of contributions is not a mathematical exercise. Weighing of contributions has been described by the Court as being a holistic assessment of the myriad of contributions that are made by parties throughout the course of their relationship.

Each case is different, and all contributions made by parties are unique to their own circumstances. The Court has the discretion to make an adjustment in favour of either party after assessing those contributions.

The size of the adjustment given to a party based on their contributions will depend on a range of factors including the contribution that was made relative to the asset pool that exists (in the case of a financial contribution) or the passage of time since that contribution was made, and importantly, weighing the relevant contribution against contributions made by the other party to the relationship or marriage.

Do some contributions carry more weight than others?

Historically, the Court placed more weight upon financial contributions (by way of income) over contributions made as homemaker and parent, in cases where it was said that the primary income earner exercised “special skill” in order to make those financial contributions. In traditional relationships at that time, this would advantage the primary breadwinner (often the Husband) and disadvantage the party who had made contributions within the home that prevented them from earning an income (often the Wife). The Court has since disapproved of that approach and “special skills” are no longer recognised as being a particular category of financial contribution.  

For specialist advice regarding your property settlement, contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers. The sooner you seek advice the better – so you can make informed decisions about your options.

Author: Margot McCabe

Sole Occupation: Who gets to stay in the house after separation?

Following separation, it is not uncommon that one party may seek to stay in the former matrimonial home, to the exclusion of their former partner or spouse. This is particularly so if there are factors which may limit their ability to obtain alternative accommodation.

The test often referred to in applications for sole occupation is the “balance of convenience” or “balance of hardship”. This exercise requires the Court to weigh and balance the benefits to the spouse seeking to remain in the property versus the hardship that the other party would suffer as a result of being required to leave their home.  

An application for sole occupancy however should not necessarily be determined only with reference to the balance of convenience. In the case of Dean and Dean (1977) FLC 90-213, the Court noted that in order for the Court to grant an application for exclusive occupation of a property, caution should be exercised when making such orders and, “it must not be reasonable or sensible or practical for the parties to the marriage to live in the same house.” 

In the case of Davis and Davis (1976) FLC 90-062, the following criteria were considered by the Court in determining an application for sole occupation:

1. The means and needs of the parties;

2. The needs of any children of the relationship;

3. The hardship to either party or to any children of the relationship; and

4. Whether the conduct of one party may justify the other party leaving the home, or seeking that the first party be excluded from the family home. This does not mean that the removal of one party from the family home is a sufficient basis for a sole occupation application to be granted, in order to enable one party to live more peacefully.

Other factors relevant to the determination of an application for sole occupation have been set out in subsequent decisions, including the following considerations outlined in the case of Plowman v Plowman (1970) 16 FLR 447:

1. Whether a party could be adequately housed elsewhere;

2.Whether there are funds, of either party, that could be used to enable one party to obtain alternative housing;

3. What housing arrangements operate in the best interests of the children;

4. Whether both parties are registered owners of the property;

5. Whether the Court could make an injunction preventing certain conduct from one party, in order to address any concerns raised by the other party regarding the first mentioned party’s conduct.

For advice in relation to your property settlement or obtaining sole occupation of your home, contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Margot McCabe

Parental Responsibility Explained

‘Parental responsibility’ refers to the duties, powers and responsibilities that a parent has in relation to a child.  This becomes an important consideration as you navigate the journey of co-parenting after separation.

Parental responsibility determines who makes long-term decisions about a child, such as what school a child attends, where a child lives and whether a child practices a religion. Section 65DAE of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) provides that parents are not required to consult on day-to-day issues (or issues that are not major long-term issues) – for example, what a child wears or what type of food a child takes in their lunchbox.

In the absence of a Court Order determining parental responsibility, there is a presumption that both parents have ‘equal shared parental responsibility’ (also referred to as ‘ESPR’).  ESPR requires that parents consult with each other about any long-term decision to be made, and make a genuine effort to come to that decision jointly.

This presumption is set out in section 61DA of the Family Law Act.  The presumption of ESPR does not apply if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a parent of a child has been abusive towards that child (or another child in the family), or if they have engaged in family violence, including towards the other parent.

If there is enough evidence to satisfy a Court that an order for ESPR is not appropriate in the circumstances, the Court may make an order for ‘sole parental responsibility’.  A Court may consider that an order for sole parental responsibility is appropriate if the parents are unable to make decisions jointly, or if the communication between the parents would make an order for ESPR untenable.

On a final basis the Court must disregard any orders made on an interim basis about the allocation of parental responsibility. This means if your matter is in Court and an order has been made for ESPR on an interim basis, the Court may ultimately decide that ESPR is not appropriate on a final basis.

It is also important to understand that parental responsibility does not determine what time a child spends with each parent. An order for ESPR does not automatically mean that a child will spend equal time with each parent. Courts will consider what is in a child’s best interests and whether an equal time arrangement would be reasonably practicable, among other things.

If you are unable to reach a joint decision about a major long-term issue regarding your child, or if you are concerned about sharing parental responsibility with your former spouse, you should contact a family lawyer to better understand your rights and obligations. If you are ready to book an initial appointment with a specialist family lawyer in Canberra, contact us on (02) 6225 7040, by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers to obtain advice.

Author: Anika Buckley

Enforcement of Financial Orders

The Family Law Act sets out options available to parties to seek enforcement of Orders in relation to financial matters. Regrettably, in some cases, it can become necessary to seek enforcement of Orders where a party is not compliant with Orders of the Court.

When can I seek enforcement of Orders?

Enforcement can be sought where pursuant to Orders, maintenance agreements or Binding Financial Agreements made pursuant to the Family Law Act:

1. There is an obligation on a party to pay money;

2. There is an obligation on a party to sign a document;

3. A party is entitled to possession of real property; or

4. A party is entitled to transfer or delivery of personal property.

Although less common, there are other circumstances in which a party can take enforcement action against a non-compliant party, such as there where a party has registered an arbitral award, a child support liability or where there is an overseas maintenance order that has been registered in Australia.

How do I enforce Orders?

Methods of enforcement available to a party seeking compliance with Orders pursuant to the Family Law Act include:

1.  Appointing a Registrar of the Court

   A Registrar of the Court can be appointed to sign documents in place of a non-complaint party, such as Transfer documents in order to progress the transfer of a house, transferring shares or, closing bank accounts.

2. Third Party Debt Notice

   A Third Party Debt Notice requires a third party to discharge a debt by redirecting funds to which the non-compliant party would otherwise be entitled, to the party seeking enforcement. For example, a party seeking enforcement could seek that the non-compliant party’s wage be directed to them instead over a period of time in order to satisfy a debt.

3. Trustee for sale of real property

   If an Enforcement Warrant has been obtained in relation to real property in which the non-compliant party has an interest, a party can seek to be appointed as Trustee for Sale of real property. If a party is appointed as Trustee for sale it will generally be necessary to also seek that a Registrar of the Court be appointed to execute documents on behalf of the non-compliant party (as above).

4. Warrants for possession of property

   A party seeking enforcement of Orders can apply for a warrant for possession of real property, personal property, or for the seizure or detention of property owned by the non-complying party, which can then be sold, for example, to satisfy a debt.

There are other forms of relief available to a party seeking enforcement of Orders, including sequestration of property, receivership and seeking that a non-complaint party be declared bankrupt. It is likely that the Court would only adopt such methods of enforcement if other attempts at enforcement had been exhausted or there were circumstances justifying forms of enforcement that could be considered severe or prejudicial to the non-compliant party.

Can I seek that my legal costs be paid by the non-compliant party?

The Court has general powers of enforcement, including the power to make Orders that one party pay the other party’s costs. Although costs to do always “follow the event” i.e., the winning party does not always get their costs reimbursed, the Court is sometimes more inclined to order that a non-compliant meet the other party’s costs of enforcement, arising out of the non-compliant party’s failure to comply with an Order of the Court, as it has been unfair that the applicant has had to pursue such steps.

For specialist family law advice including about enforcement, contact Robinson + McGuinness to arrange an appointment on (02) 6225 7040, by email on info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers.

Author: Margot McCabe

Making the most out of your first appointment

There are different stages where you may be thinking about seeing a family lawyer. You may be thinking about entering into an agreement with your partner setting out what will happen to your assets and liabilities if you were to separate. On the other hand, you may be at the conclusion of your relationship and wondering what to do next.

Whether you have done some research about family law firms and chosen one, or whether a family or friend has recommended a particular firm, the next step will likely be to book in an initial appointment or consultation.

To make the most out of your first appointment with a family lawyer, there are a number of things you can do or start to think about:

1. Consider your assets, liabilities and superannuation

When you see a family lawyer, it is useful to understand the composition of the property pool. This means knowing what assets you or your spouse own, and any debts or liabilities that may be owing. If you have time, it is worth preparing a list or balance sheet setting out your estimated values of assets and liabilities and checking your current superannuation balance.    

2. Think about the outcomes you want to achieve

You may have booked an initial appointment with a family lawyer seeking to understand your rights and what you might be entitled to arising from your separation. It is useful if you give some consideration to what assets and liabilities exist, and which of those are important for you to keep in any separation. Your family lawyer will likely be able to provide some guidance about what a realistic outcome might look like, including the mix of assets and liabilities you are seeking to keep.

3. Prepare a summary or background of your relationship

Once again, if you have time, it is helpful for you to prepare a short summary or background/ chronology of your relationship for your family lawyer. This includes when you first met, started living together and when you separated. It is also useful to include relevant details such as:

1. What you each owned at the start of the relationship;

2. How the various assets and liabilities were accumulated throughout the relationship;

3. How you divided any household responsibilities;

4. Whether you received any gifts, inheritances or insurance payouts during the relationship;

5. If you own property – whether you ever did any renovations;

6. Your current employment status and your income; and

7. If you have children – how you divided the parenting responsibilities and how you see the future arrangements for your children.

If you do not have time to prepare a summary of your relationship or a list of your assets, liabilities and superannuation, do not worry. At an initial appointment, your family lawyer will be able to provide you with important information to guide you through the next steps.  If you are ready to book an initial appointment with a specialist family lawyer, contact us on (02) 6225 7040, by email at info@rmfamilylaw.com.au or get started now online with one of our experienced lawyers to obtain advice. The earlier the appointment the better, so you can make informed decisions about your options.

Author: Anika Buckley